Lifepo4 Lithium 12v 48v Battery

Seaster Battery: Revolutionizing Energy Storage with Advanced Lithium Technology

Seaster Battery, a renowned lithium battery manufacturer based in Shenzhen, China, is transforming the energy storage landscape with its cutting-edge LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate) batteries. In this article tailored for international buyers and importers, we highlight the exceptional advantages of Seaster Lithium Batteries.

Table of Contents

The Evolution of Lithium Technology

Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859, consist of lead plates and sulfuric acid. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries emerged commercially in the 1980s and have since gained widespread acceptance. While early lithium-ion batteries had safety concerns, advancements have addressed these issues. Seaster Battery introduces Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) batteries, developed in 1996, which offer enhanced safety and reliability compared to older Lithium-Cobalt-Oxide (LiCoO2) batteries.

Enhanced “Useable” Capacity

Traditional lead-acid batteries typically utilize only 30-50% of their rated capacity, while lithium batteries enable practical usage of 90% or more. For example, a 100 amp hour (Ah) lithium battery can be utilized up to 90 Ah or even 100% depth of discharge (DoD). This significant increase in usable capacity enhances the efficiency and flexibility of power systems.

Extended Cycle Life

Seaster Battery’s high-quality LiFePO4 batteries deliver exceptional cycle life, surpassing other chemistries like NMC or NCA commonly used in the electric vehicle industry. While theoretical cycle life values are challenging to verify, practical usage shows that standard-quality LiFePO4 batteries can deliver at least 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 80% DoD and 1C discharge rate, with remaining capacity above 80%. PowerTech Systems, utilizing premium cells sorted and matched, achieves an impressive 4000 to 5000 cycles at 1C and 80% DoD, which can be further increased by reducing the DoD.

Negligible Peukert’s Losses & Voltage Sag

Lithium batteries exhibit a flat discharge curve, ensuring consistent output voltage throughout the discharge process. This eliminates the voltage sag commonly experienced with lead-acid batteries. Moreover, lithium-ion batteries have negligible Peukert losses, allowing them to deliver their full rated capacity even at high currents. This makes them ideal for powering high-current devices such as air conditioners, microwaves, and induction cooktops.

Size & Weight Advantages

Lithium-ion batteries offer significant size and weight advantages compared to lead-acid batteries. The compact and lightweight nature of lithium batteries makes them ideal for space-constrained applications where maximizing power capacity within limited compartments is crucial.

Fast & Efficient Charging

Lithium-ion batteries can be fast-charged to 100% capacity without requiring an absorption phase, unlike lead-acid batteries. With a sufficiently powerful charger, it is possible to fully charge a lithium-ion battery in as little as 30 minutes. Additionally, failure to regularly fully charge lithium-ion batteries does not lead to battery damage, providing greater flexibility in energy harvesting.

High Charging Efficiency

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit nearly 100% charging efficiency, outperforming the 85% efficiency of most lead-acid batteries. This high efficiency is particularly advantageous when charging via solar power, maximizing the utilization of every amp before sunset or cloud cover.

Climate Resistance

Lithium-ion batteries excel in harsh environments, maintaining their efficiency in both extreme hot and cold temperatures. In freezing conditions, lithium-ion batteries outperform lead-acid batteries significantly, delivering more than 80% of their energy at -20°C, while AGM lead-acid batteries provide only 30% of their capacity. For applications exposed to challenging climates, lithium-ion technology proves to be the ideal choice.

Fewer Placement Issues

Unlike lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries do not require upright storage or vented battery compartments. Their flexible assembly capabilities enable easy integration into various shapes and configurations, making them ideal for maximizing power capacity within constrained spaces.

Zero Maintenance Requirements

Lithium-ion batteries are virtually maintenance-free. The built-in Battery Management System (BMS) ensures automatic cell balancing, eliminating the need for manual maintenance. Simply charge the battery, and it is ready to power your applications reliably.

Seaster Lithium Batteries: Empowering Energy Storage Solutions
Seaster Battery takes pride in offering a comprehensive range of LiFePO4 batteries engineered to meet the evolving demands of modern energy storage systems. With a commitment to quality, safety, and innovation, we provide international buyers and importers with exceptional lithium batteries that deliver superior performance, longevity, and reliability.

For further information or personalized assistance in selecting the ideal Seaster Lithium Battery for your specific requirements, please contact our expert team. We are dedicated to supporting you in adopting the most advanced energy storage solutions for your diverse applications. personalized assistance in selecting the ideal Seaster Lithium Battery for your specific requirements, please contact our expert team. We are dedicated to supporting you in adopting the most advanced energy storage solutions

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Marine House Battery Bank For Power Or Sailing Vessels

Seastar Battery, a prominent lithium battery manufacturer based in Shenzhen, China, The article focuses on the use of Lifepo4 Start batteries in marine house battery banks for power or sailing vessels.

Marine House Battery Bank For Power Or Sailing Vessels

The electrical system of a cruising powerboat or sailing vessel relies on a dedicated bank of “House” batteries, specifically designed for deep cycling. These batteries provide power to essential equipment such as GPS devices, electronics, radios, cabin and navigation lights, water systems, head and bilge pumps, as well as other dual power (AC/DC) appliances like refrigeration units. The AC system, on the other hand, is powered by either shore power or an onboard generator, supporting devices such as electric stoves, ovens, TVs, cabin heaters, and HVAC units. Inverter chargers can also power dual-power AC/DC refrigeration systems and straight AC loads like microwaves and TVs.

The house batteries are charged by the alternator, typically after the starter batteries have been fully charged. When the vessel is connected to shore power or the generator is running, any excess AC power is automatically shared with the inverter charger to recharge the 12-volt house battery system. It is crucial for the house batteries to support the surge current required by the inverter during load start-up. Monitoring the State of Charge (SoC) becomes highly beneficial in this context.

The starting batteries, responsible for consistently delivering high Cold Cranking Amps (CCA), need to withstand varying temperatures and vibrations. In addition to cranking the engine, they must possess High-Cycle Reserve Capacity (RC) to support special equipment such as winches and thrusters when the engine is off. The engine alternator serves as the primary charging source for the starting batteries unless an independent shore-powered battery charger is installed. House batteries can often be connected to the engine for emergency starting. In marine applications, maintenance-free spill-proof batteries are highly desirable.

Deep Cycle battery specifications include Amp-hours (Ah), indicating the current a battery can deliver for 20 hours at a constant discharge rate until the voltage drops to 10.5 volts. Cycle Life refers to the number of charge and discharge cycles a battery can withstand before its capacity drops below 50%. Deep cycle batteries excel in this regard compared to starting batteries or dual-purpose batteries, which deteriorate quickly when subjected to deep discharges beyond their intended capacity. Starting batteries are designed for shallow repeated discharges of 1-3% Depth of Discharge (DoD), while dual-purpose and high-cycle batteries can handle repeated discharges of 17.5-30% DoD. Deep Cycle batteries, depending on the technology used, can withstand repeated depths of discharge ranging from 50% to 80% DoD.

The most common causes of lead-acid battery failure in marine applications are acid stratification, extreme temperatures, and damaging vibrations. Acid stratification, which occurs naturally in flooded lead-acid batteries, results in reduced capacity and charge acceptance. Utilizing AGM technology or employing acid mixing technology in flooded lead-acid starting batteries helps mitigate acid stratification. For flooded lead-acid deep cycle house batteries, AGM technology or equalization charging by the inverter charger can effectively address acid stratification.

Seastar Battery is committed to providing high-quality Lifepo4 Start batteries that meet the demanding requirements of marine house battery banks, ensuring reliable power supply and optimal performance for power or sailing vessels.

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Understanding the Recharging Process of Lead-Acid Batteries

Seastar Battery, a distinguished lithium battery manufacturer in Shenzhen, China, seeks to provide valuable insights to international buyers and importers regarding the recharging process of lead-acid batteries.

HOW DOES A BATTERY RECHARGE?

The recharging process for lead-acid batteries, including flooded, gel, and AGM types, follows a consistent pattern.

During discharge, the material on both plates of the battery is converted into lead sulphate (PbSO4). When a charging voltage is applied, the opposite reactions occur, reversing the discharge process.

Charge flow takes place as electrons move within the metal components, while ions and water molecules move within the electrolyte.

Chemical reactions transpire at the positive and negative plates, converting the discharged material back into charged material. The positive plates are transformed back into lead dioxide (PbO2), while the negative plates are converted back into lead (Pb) during the charging process.

Sulfuric acid is generated at both plates, and water is consumed at the positive plate. If the voltage exceeds the optimal level, additional reactions occur: Oxygen is separated from water molecules at the positive plates and released as a gas, while hydrogen gas is released at the negative plates. However, if oxygen gas can reach the negative plates first, it recombines into water (H2O). Battery “gassing” occurs near the end of the charge when the charging rate becomes too high for the battery to handle.

To mitigate excessive gassing, a temperature-compensating voltage-regulating charger is employed. This charger automatically reduces the charge rate as the battery nears its fully charged state. Charging batteries for extended periods at high rates that cause excessive gassing should be avoided. In sealed valve-regulated batteries, water cannot be replaced, making it crucial to prevent overcharging, even at low rates commonly referred to as “trickle charges.”

In a fully charged battery, the majority of the sulphate exists as sulfuric acid. As the battery discharges, some of the sulphates begin to form on the plates as lead sulphate (PbSO4). Consequently, the acid becomes diluted, leading to a drop in specific gravity as water replaces more sulfuric acid. A battery that remains in a discharged state or is continually undercharged will experience premature failure. This condition is commonly known as sulfation.

Seastar Battery remains committed to manufacturing high-quality lead-acid batteries, ensuring optimal performance and longevity for various applications

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How can I determine if my deep-cycle battery has reached the end of its useful life?

Determining the end of a battery’s useful life can be a challenging task. It depends on the test standard or the specific application the battery is being used in, leading to various answers to this question.

The battery industry has numerous test standards that correspond to different battery types and applications. Regardless of the test standard used, if the battery no longer meets the required service level for its initial intended purpose, it can be considered at the end of its useful life from the perspective of your specific application. service level for its initial intended purpose, it can be considered at the end of its useful

However, it is important to note that this determination may differ from the manufacturer’s or industry engineering standard’s definition of the battery’s useful life.

Cycle Life Testing Standards at Various Rates and Remaining Capacities

According to the Seastar Battery BCI Standard, a deep-cycle battery would be considered at the end of its life if it fails to deliver at least 50% of its original rated capacity when tested at its 2-hour rated capacity while maintaining a voltage above 1.75 volts per cell (5.25 volts for a 6-volt battery, and 10.5 volts for a 12-volt battery).

For instance, in the case of a golf cart battery used in golf carts, if it cannot sustain a minimum voltage of 1.75 volts per cell (5.25 volts) for 40 minutes under a 75-amp load, it would be determined to have reached the end of its life.

Most official battery cycle life tests are conducted in controlled laboratory environments with specific conditions and temperatures.

As a quick non-scientific rule of thumb test that average users can perform, follow these steps:

Ensure the battery is fully charged to approximately 2.13 volts per cell (6.4 volts for a 6-volt battery and 12.8 volts for a 12-volt battery).
Apply a load using a carbon pile (preferred) or a resistive load tester capable of providing a meaningful load of 3 to 4 times the battery’s amp-hour (AH) capacity or two times the reserve capacity rating.
If the battery maintains a voltage above 9.6 volts for 30 seconds, it is still usable. However, it may not be capable of meeting your required runtime.
Choose Seastar Battery, the trusted lithium battery manufacturer from Shenzhen, China, offering reliable solutions for global buyers and importers!

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Seastar Battery: Ensuring Reliable Performance and Longevity for Deep-Cycle Batteries

Determining whether a deep-cycle battery has reached the end of its useful life can pose a challenging task. The answer to this question varies depending on the test standard used or the specific application in which the battery is employed.

In the battery industry, there exists a wide range of test standards tailored to different battery types and applications. Regardless of the chosen test standard, if a battery no longer meets the performance requirements necessary for your intended application, it can be considered to have reached the end of its useful life from your perspective.

However, it is important to note that the battery’s useful life may differ according to the manufacturer’s specifications or the industry’s engineering standards.

Cycle Life Testing Standards at various Rates and to various remaining capacities

According to the BCI Standard BCIS-06, a deep-cycle battery is typically considered to have reached the end of its life when it fails to deliver at least 50% of its original rated capacity during a test conducted at its 2-hour rated capacity while maintaining a voltage above 1.75 volts per cell (5.25 volts for a 6-volt battery or 10.5 volts for a 12-volt battery).

For instance, a golf cart battery used in golf carts would be deemed to have reached the end of its life if it cannot sustain a voltage of at least 1.75 volts per cell (5.25 volts) for 40 minutes under a 75-amp load.

Most official cycle life tests are conducted in laboratories under controlled conditions and temperatures.

As a quick rule of thumb that average users can follow, consider the following non-scientific test:

Ensure that the battery is fully charged to approximately 2.13 volts per cell (6.4 volts for a 6-volt battery or 12.8 volts for a 12-volt battery).
Apply a load using a carbon pile (preferably) or a resistive load tester capable of applying a significant load, around 3 to 4 times the battery’s Ampere-hour (AH) capacity or twice the reserve capacity rating.
The battery is still usable if it maintains a voltage above 9.6 volts for 30 seconds. However, it may not be capable of supporting the required runtime.
Choose Seastar Battery for Superior Deep-Cycle Battery Solutions

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Seastar Battery: Your Trusted Choice for Off-Grid Solar Solutions

Off-grid solar systems demand reliable batteries for deep cycling and efficient operation in Partial State of Charge (PSOC) situations. Our batteries maximize energy utilization, ensuring minimal waste from solar or diesel generators. With high power capability, they support surge draw, discharge, and charge current of off-grid inverter chargers. Additionally, our maintenance-free batteries are ideal for challenging access environments. Consider our batteries for an extended lifetime, while State of Charge (SOC) monitoring ensures optimal system functionality.

Discover the Perfect Battery for Whole Home Backup!

Our batteries excel in whole-home backup systems, supporting high discharge rates and delivering the power required for inverter startup surges. With the ability to accept high charge current, they ensure an uninterrupted power supply. These 48V DC input batteries accommodate deep discharges and extended float periods. Adaptability to generator support during prolonged blackouts enhances autonomy. Compact designs cater to varying storage space needs. Temperature concerns are addressed, and maintenance complications are minimized. Harness the potential of “off the grid” living, optimize self-consumption, and reduce energy costs. Regular cycling and Partial State of Charge (PSOC) operation are efficiently managed, and monitoring battery energy throughput ensures a reliable backup solution.

Elevate Your Rural Microgrid with Our Superior Batteries!

Our batteries offer ample energy capacity and scalability for rural microgrids, enhancing autonomy and economic viability. Experience cost-effective operations with efficient battery systems. Adaptability to ambient temperature and diverse battery room sizes optimizes performance. Maintenance-free options cater to remote locations, and remote battery status monitoring ensures longevity and proper usage.

Unlock the Potential of Utility Surcharge Avoidance!

Select our batteries based on your chosen inverter to avoid utility surcharges effectively. Solar integration compliance is assured. Our batteries handle micro cycling and partial state of charge operations efficiently, ensuring optimal performance. Efficiency, energy density, and safety certifications are prioritized to meet regulatory requirements.

Experience Cutting-Edge Battery Solutions for Residential Self-Consumption!

Our high-frequency grid-tie inverter systems offer integrated packages with high-energy density batteries. Designed for residential self-consumption and time-of-day usage charge avoidance, our batteries ensure system efficiency. With their high-voltage lithium technology, they match the inverter’s DC input voltage (400V ~ 500V). Enjoy moderate discharge and charge current rates without compromising backup runtime. Maintenance-free and secure, these batteries undergo lifetime energy monitoring to satisfy homeowners and grid management companies. Embrace innovation, as lead-acid batteries no longer fulfill these requirements. companies. Embrace innovation, as

Choose Seastar Battery for Reliable Off-Grid Power Solutions!

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Introducing Seastar Battery: Powering Your Marine Adventures

As a leading lithium battery manufacturer based in Shenzhen, China, Seastar Battery is dedicated to providing high-performance solutions for marine applications. We understand the unique requirements of starting and dual-purpose batteries in gasoline engines and offer reliable options for your vessels. manufacturer based in Shenzhen, China, Seastar Battery is dedicated to providing high-performance solutions for marine applications. We understand the unique requirements of starting and dual-purpose batteries in gasoline engines and offer Starting batteries for gasoline engines that demand consistent high cold cranking amps (CCA), temperature resilience, and vibration resistance. Our maintenance-free spill-proof batteries excel in these areas, ensuring reliable starts even in extreme conditions. With High Cycle Reserve Capacity (RC), they can power additional electronic equipment like GPS, depth finders, radios, navigation lights, bilge pumps, and live wells, making your marine experience convenient and enjoyable.

Our starter batteries are designed with specific specifications in mind. Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) measure the discharge capability at -18°C / 0°F, while Marine Cranking Amps (MCA) and Cranking Amps (CA) evaluate performance at 27°C / 80°F and 0°C / 32°F, respectively. These ratings ensure optimal cranking power for different engine types, temperatures, and ignition systems.

For dual-purpose batteries, we offer options that excel in delivering consistent CCA, operating in various temperature ranges, and withstanding vibration. Whether you require micro-cycle or high-cycle characteristics, our dual-purpose batteries provide the right balance between cranking power and reserve capacity, supporting your electronic equipment and moderate electric loads.

At Seastar Battery, we prioritize performance, reliability, and longevity. We offer solutions tailored to your marine needs, backed by our expertise in the industry. Trust Seastar Battery to power your marine adventures and exceed your expectations. Contact us today to explore our range of high-quality batteries.

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Everything You Need to Know About Battery Voltage: A Complete Guide

Battery voltage can be a confusing topic. We’re all familiar with the 1.5-volt AA battery, the 12-volt car battery, or the 24-volt deep cycle battery. But what does it all mean? And is there any danger we should be aware of? In this pillar content, we’ll break voltage down for you, exploring what it is, how we measure it, and the science behind it. Gain a deeper understanding of battery voltage now.

Discover the Basics of Battery Voltage

It’s the measure of electrical potential between the positive and negative terminals. Essentially, it’s the force that pushes electrons from one point to another. The greater the difference in potential charge, the higher the voltage. Take a battery as an example: the negative terminal has an excess of electrons, while the positive terminal lacks electrons. The number of electrons in the negative terminal compared to the positive terminal determines the voltage.

Discover the Magic Behind Generating Battery Voltage

Batteries are made up of four essential parts – the negative anode (often zinc, lithium, graphite, or platinum), the positive cathode (typically oxidizing metals like lithium oxide, copper oxide, or graphite oxide), the electrolyte, and the separator. But how do these parts work together to create the voltage that powers our devices? Find out how the circuit connects them to allow electrons to flow and create that vital energy supply. Get ready to add to your knowledge with our comprehensive guide to batteries.

Discovering the Fundamental Difference between Voltage and Current

Understanding the concepts of battery voltage and current may seem puzzling, but it’s incredibly simple. Volts measure the potential energy stored in a battery, which experts and manufacturers match with electronic devices. On the other hand, current measures the speed of electron flow, quantified in amps. The higher the amperage, the quicker the electrons flow. Get a grip on the difference between these two important electrical properties!

Unveiling the Secrets of Battery Voltage Measurement

To make sure your battery stays in tip-top shape, it’s crucial to know its current state of charge. Luckily, two technologies can help a multimeter or a battery monitor like the Victron Energy Battery Monitor BMV-712.

These handy devices measure electrical potential differences and display the corresponding voltage number on a screen. With the power of accurate voltage readings, you’ll always be on top of your battery’s performance.

Discovering the Essentials: Normal Voltage Explained

The voltage of a battery depends entirely on its chemistry. While batteries with the same chemistry produce the same voltage, different chemistries can produce vastly different voltages. For example, a car battery might have a voltage of 12.6 volts, while a AAA battery typically only has a voltage of 1.5 volts.

Not all batteries are created equal, however. Higher-voltage batteries, like a 12V battery, contain multiple cells arranged in series to boost the overall voltage. In contrast, a AAA battery contains just one cell. Understanding the voltage of your battery is important for selecting the right electronics to power and avoiding potential damage.

Join us as we explore the science of voltage and how it affects your battery’s performance. Learn about the chemical reactions that create voltage, the importance of correct voltage matching, and how to select the right battery for your needs.

Lead-Acid vs. Lithium Battery Voltages

Did you know that the voltage of your battery changes depending on its level of charge? When fully charged, a battery is able to deliver a higher voltage than when it’s nearing empty.

But here’s the catch: not all batteries are created equal. For instance, lead-acid batteries experience much larger voltage drops compared to lithium batteries due to their advanced technology.

To put things into perspective, a 12-volt lead acid battery will only deliver 11.6 volts at 20% capacity. In contrast, a lithium battery packs in more energy density and can still deliver 12.9 volts even at 20% capacity.

So if you want to stay powered up and on the go, understanding battery voltage is key. Start with these insights and become a battery expert today.

Is Battery Voltage a Safety Hazard?

Are you concerned about battery voltage risks? According to OSHA standards, you have nothing to worry about until it exceeds 50 volts. But why does this matter?

Well, 50 volts is deemed safe for the human body since it’s a level of shock that won’t harm you, even with unlimited current capacity. The theory is based on the distribution of power in the human body, which shows that the arms and legs are at least 500 ohms. This means that even in the most dangerous circumstances, a lethal current wouldn’t pass into the trunk and heart.

However, if the voltage does exceed 50 volts, the human body can act as a conductor in a deadly way. High-voltage electricity, anything over 50 volts, can lead to burns, broken bones, hearing loss, eye injuries, cardiac arrest, and even death. Shockingly, just 10 milliamps through the human heart can disrupt its electrical conductivity, producing a fatal arrhythmia. This is why it’s common practice to limit voltage to over 50 amps.

To put it simply, battery voltage isn’t necessarily dangerous. It’s the current that’s dangerous since voltage merely measures the pressure moving electrons from one place to another. So next time, consider the pressure and learn how to best protect yourself against potential dangers.

Discover the Importance of Battery Voltage!

The voltage of a battery is more than just a numerical value. It determines the power capacity, electronics compatibility, and even charge state. Without this crucial measurement, battery usage would be unsafe and impractical. Not to worry though, we’ve got you covered! Read on to learn all you need to know about battery voltage. Have questions? Leave them in the comments below, and we’ll get back to you ASAP!

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Safety Measures in LiFePO4 Battery Manufacturing: A Guide for Importers

Unlocking the Potential of Lithium Iron Phosphate: Overcoming Processing Challenges for Faster Charging

Lithium iron phosphate’s conductivity is hindered by the low diffusion coefficient of lithium ions. But fear not! The solution lies in reducing particle sizes – even to the nanoscale. By shortening the migration path of LI+ ions and electrons, it’s possible to enhance the battery’s charging and discharging speed. However, this cutting-edge approach presents a few challenges when it comes to battery processing. Find out how we’re navigating these obstacles to advance the potential of lithium iron phosphate.

Reliable, repeatable materials for every project

Pulping is one of the most critical processes in the production of batteries. Its core task is to mix the active substances, conductive agents, binders, and other materials evenly so that the material performance can be better. To mix well, it is necessary to be able to disperse first. The particle size decreases, the corresponding specific surface increases, the surface energy increases, and the tendency of inter-particle polymerization increases. The more energy required to overcome the surface energy dispersion, the greater the energy required. Nowadays, mechanical stirring is commonly used, and the energy distribution of mechanical stirring is not uniform. Only in a certain area, the shear strength is large enough and the energy is high enough to separate the aggregated particles. To enhance the dispersion capacity, one is to optimize the structure of the mixing equipment, without changing the maximum shear speed to improve the proportion of space in the effective dispersion area; one is to increase the mixing power (increase the mixing speed), enhance the shear speed, the corresponding effective dispersion space will also increase. The former is a problem with the equipment, how big the lifting space is, and the coating online does not comment. The latter, the lifting space is limited, because the shear speed mentioned a certain limit, it will cause damage to the material, resulting in particle breakage.

A more effective method is to use ultrasonic dispersion technology. Only the ultrasonic equipment is more expensive, contacted a while ago, and its price and imported Japanese mechanical mixer equivalent. The ultrasonic dispersion process is short, the overall energy consumption is reduced, the slurry is well dispersed, the polymerization of material particles is effectively delayed, and the stability is greatly improved.
In addition, the dispersion effect can be improved by using a dispersant.

Coating uniformity issues

Achieving a uniform coating is pivotal to ensuring the consistency and safety of battery production. However, the process is complicated, as the smaller the material particles, the more challenging it is to achieve uniformity. Manufacturers must control the flow and viscosity of the electrode slurry, which is a thixotropic fluid that becomes viscous when not stirred. To form a conductive network, a conductive agent and binder are required, and the amount increases with small particles, making it harder to achieve uniformity. Furthermore, poor flowability caused by the lack of stirring during transfer to the coating process results in a non-uniform coating, leading to increased surface density tolerance of the pole piece and poor surface morphology. By focusing on improving conductivity, particle size, and spherification, we can enhance the battery production process effectively.

Table of Contents

1. Use of “linear” conductive agents

The so-called “linear” “particle-shaped” conductive agent is the author’s image, academic may not be so described.

The use of “linear” conductive agents, currently the main VGCF (carbon fibers) and CNTs (carbon nanotubes), metal nanowires, etc. They are a few nanometers to tens of nanometers in diameter, length in tens of microns or even a few centimeters, while the current commonly used “particle-shaped” conductive agent (such as SuperP, KS-6) size generally in the tens of nanometers, the size of the battery material for a few microns. “Granular” conductive agent and the active material composition of the pole, contact similar to the contact between the point and the point, each point can only be in contact with the surrounding points; “linear” conductive agent and the active material composition of the pole, is the point and line, line and line contact, each point can be in contact with multiple wires at the same time, and each wire can be in contact with multiple wires at the same time, more contact nodes, the conductive channel will be more smooth, the conductivity will be better. The use of a variety of different forms of conductive agent combination, you can play a better conductive effect, how to make the specific choice of conductive agent, for battery production is a very worthwhile exploration of the issue.

The possible effects of using “linear” conductive agents such as CNTS or VGCF are:

  1. linear conductive agent to a certain degree to enhance the bonding effect, and improve the flexibility and strength of the pole piece.
  2. reduce the amount of conductive agent (remember that there are reports that CNTS conductive efficiency for the same mass (weight) of conventional granular conductive agent 3 times), comprehensive (1), the amount of adhesive may also be reduced, the active substance content can be increased.
  3. improve polarization, lower contact impedance, and improve circulation performance.
  4. conductive network contact nodes, the network is more complete, multiplier performance than the conventional conductive agent is more excellent; heat dissipation performance is improved, which is very meaningful for high multiplier batteries.
  5. absorption performance is improved.
  6. higher material prices, and rising costs. 1Kg conductive agent, commonly used SUPERP only tens of dollars, VGCF about two to three thousand dollars, CNTS than VGCF slightly higher (when the addition of 1%, 1Kg CNTs calculated at 4,000 yuan, about 0.3 yuan per Ah cost increase).
  7. CNTS, VGCF, and another high specific surface, how to disperse is a problem that needs to be solved in use, otherwise, poor dispersion performance will not play. With the help of ultrasonic dispersion and other means. There are CNTs manufacturers to provide a good dispersion of conductive liquid.

2. Improve the dispersion effect

If the slurry is well dispersed, the probability of particle contact agglomeration will be greatly reduced and the stability of the slurry will be greatly improved. The dispersion effect can be improved to a certain extent by the improvement of formulation and batching process, and the ultrasonic dispersion mentioned earlier is also an effective method.

3. Improve the slurry transfer process

Paste storage can be considered to improve the mixing speed to avoid sticky paste; for the use of turnover buckets to transfer the paste, as far as possible to shorten the time from the material to the coating, conditional on the use of pipeline transport to improve the paste sticky phenomenon

4. Using extrusion coating (spraying)

Extrusion coating can improve squeegee coating surface grain, thickness unevenness, etc., but the equipment is more expensive and requires higher stability of the slurry.

Drying difficulties

Due to the large specific surface of lithium iron phosphate, the binder dosage is large, the amount of solvent required to prepare the slurry is also large, and drying after the coating is also more difficult. How to control the evaporation rate of the solvent is a matter of concern. High temperature and high air volume, fast drying speed, resulting in large voids, but also may drive the migration of gum, resulting in uneven distribution of materials in the coating, if the gum in the surface layer produces aggregation, will impede the conduction of charged particles, increasing the impedance. Low temperature, low air volume, slow solvent escape, long drying time, and low capacity.

Poor bonding performance

Lithium iron phosphate material particles are small, and the specific surface ratio of lithium cobaltate, and lithium manganate increased by a lot, the need for more binder. But the binder with more, reducing the content of the active material, energy density is reduced, so where possible, the battery production process will try to reduce the amount of binder. In order to improve the bonding effect, the currently common practice of lithium iron phosphate processing on the one hand to increase the molecular weight of the binder (high molecular weight, bonding capacity increases, but the more difficult to disperse, the higher the impedance), on the other hand, to increase the amount of binder. The current results do not seem to be satisfactory.

Poor flexibility

In the current lithium iron phosphate wafer processing, the general feeling is that the wafer is harder and more brittle, and the impact on the stack may not be slightly smaller but in the winding, it is very unfavorable. Poor flexibility of the pole piece, winding, and bending is easy to drop powder, and fracture, resulting in short circuits and other bad. The explanation of this mechanism is not clear, the guess is that the particles are small, and the coating of the elastic space is small. Lower compaction density can be improved, but so the volume energy density is also reduced. The original lithium iron phosphate compaction density is relatively low, reducing the compaction density is the last resort that will take the means.

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Watt Hours (Wh) to Amp Hours (Ah) Conversion Calculator | Seastar Battery Guide

Understanding how to convert watt-hours (Wh) to amp-hours (Ah) is essential when choosing the right lithium battery. This easy-to-use Wh to Ah conversion calculator helps you quickly determine the required battery capacity, ensuring optimal performance for your devices.

Table of Contents

Watt Hours (Wh) to Amp Hours (Ah) Conversion Formula

Watt-hours (Wh) and amp-hours (Ah) are critical metrics for evaluating battery capacity. Watt-hours measure the total energy a battery can deliver in one hour, while amp-hours gauge the battery’s capacity to maintain a current over time. You can effortlessly convert Wh to Ah using the formula below:

Conversion Formula: Amp Hours (Ah)=Watt Hours (Wh)/Voltage (V)
​Example: If you have a 1200Wh lithium battery with a voltage of 12V, you can calculate the amp-hour capacity as follows: 1200Wh/12V=100Ah


Converting Amp Hours (Ah) to Watt Hours (Wh)

Similarly, you can convert amp-hours back to watt-hours with a simple formula: Watt Hours (Wh)=Amp Hours (Ah)×Voltage (V)

Converting Kilowatt Hours (kWh) to Amp Hours (Ah)

For larger battery systems, such as solar energy storage, you may need to convert kilowatt-hours (kWh) to amp-hours. Since 1 kWh equals 1000 Wh, the conversion formula is as follows:

Capacity (Ah)=Energy (kWh)×1000/Voltage (V)
Example: If you’re building a 10kWh 48V solar energy storage system, calculate the required battery capacity as:10kWh×1000÷48V=208.33Ah

Converting Watt Hours (Wh) to Milliamp Hours (mAh)

For smaller devices like mobile phones, battery capacity is often measured in milliamp-hours (mAh). Since 1 Ah equals 1000 mAh, you can convert Wh to mAh with the following formula:

Capacity (mAh)=Voltage (V)/Energy (Wh)×1000

Example: Suppose your phone’s battery specifications are 3.82V and 10.28Wh. You can calculate the battery capacity as follows:10.28Wh÷3.82V×1000=2691mAh

Watt Hours (Wh) to Amp Hours (Ah) Conversion Charts for Common DC Voltages

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